{"help": "https://plymouth.thedata.place/ko_KR/api/3/action/help_show?name=datastore_search", "success": true, "result": {"include_total": true, "limit": 100, "records_format": "objects", "resource_id": "8f4999cc-6ae3-4a04-a628-97e1b501e46b", "total_estimation_threshold": null, "records": [{"_id":1,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Reubens JT Braeckman U Vanaverbeke J Van Colen C Degraer S and Vincx M 2013 Aggregation at windmill artificial reefs CPUE of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and pouting Trisopterus luscus at different habitats in the Belgian part of the North SeaFisheries Research139 pp2834","Title":"Aggregation at windmill artificial reefs CPUE of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and pouting Trisopterus luscus at different habitats in the Belgian part of the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Atlantic cod Gadus morhua","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 20092011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Thornton Bank","Structure_type":"Windmill artificial reefs WARs","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"13 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 225m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Belgium","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Cod","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Positive impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study of Atlantic cod and pouting abundance and aggreation near OWF two shipwrecks and two natural sandy areas Thortonbank and Goote bank depth of 25m across seasons over three years","Study_year_start":2009,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":2,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Reubens JT Braeckman U Vanaverbeke J Van Colen C Degraer S and Vincx M 2013 Aggregation at windmill artificial reefs CPUE of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and pouting Trisopterus luscus at different habitats in the Belgian part of the North SeaFisheries Research139 pp2834","Title":"Aggregation at windmill artificial reefs CPUE of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and pouting Trisopterus luscus at different habitats in the Belgian part of the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Pouting Trispterus luscus","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 20092011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Thornton Bank","Structure_type":"Windmill artificial reefs WARs","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"13 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 225m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Belgium","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Pouting Trisopterus luscus","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Positive impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study of Atlantic cod and pouting abundance and aggreation near OWF two shipwrecks and two natural sandy areas Thortonbank and Goote bank depth of 25m across seasons over three years","Study_year_start":2009,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":3,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"BalotariChiebao F Brommer JE Saurola P Ijs A and Laaksonen T 2018 Assessing space use by prebreeding whitetailed eagles in the context of windenergy development in Finland Landscape and Urban Planning 177 pp251258","Title":"Assessing space use by prebreeding whitetailed eagles in the context of windenergy development in Finland","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Whitetailed eagles Haliaeetus albicilla","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Range or distribution or larval dispersalconnectivity","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20092015","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Many","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Finland","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"whitetailed eagles Haliaeetus albicilla","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Transmitters fitted to Whitetailed eagle nestlings Annex I of EUs bird directive and assesses their space use against many existing and proposed OWF sites  Only a few of the sites are offshore 2x supplementary data","Study_year_start":2009,"Study_year_end":2015,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":4,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Reilly K Ohagan AM and Dalton G 2015 Attitudes and perceptions of fishermen on the island of Ireland towards the development of marine renewable energy projects Marine Policy 58 pp8897","Title":"Attitudes and perceptions of fishermen on the island of Ireland towards the development of marine renewable energy projects","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Humansocial","Population___level_2":"Humans","Population___level_3":"Fishers commercial","Outcome___level_1":"Social or cultural","Outcome___level_2":"Other attitude perception or value metrics","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Qualitative or quantitative social study","Study_design___level_2":"Interviews","Study_year(s)":"Year 2013","Date_of_Publication":2015,"Structure_ID_name":"FFW","Structure_type":"Unspecified","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Irish Sea","Country":"Ireland","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Fishermen commercial","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Inconclusive acceptance of new OWF","ES_impact":"Inconclusive public acceptance of offshore wind power project","ES_group":"Inconclusive impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"Hooper et al 2020","Notes":"","Study_year_start":2013,"Study_year_end":2013,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":5,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Ladenburg J 2010 Attitudes towards offshore wind farmsThe role of beach visits on attitude and demographic and attitude relations Energy Policy 383 pp12971304","Title":"Attitudes towards offshore wind farmsThe role of beach visits on attitude and demographic and attitude relations","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Humansocial","Population___level_2":"Humans","Population___level_3":"Beach Visitors","Outcome___level_1":"Social or cultural","Outcome___level_2":"Other attitude perception or value metrics","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Qualitative or quantitative social study","Study_design___level_2":"Surveyquestionnaire","Study_year(s)":"Year 2006","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Unspecified","Structure_type":"Unspecified","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Hypothetical","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"General public","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Positive acceptance of new OWF","ES_impact":"Positive public acceptance of offshore wind power project","ES_group":"Positive impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"Hooper et al 2020","Notes":"Attitudes towards offshore windfarms from beach visitors","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":6,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Ladenburg J 2008 Attitudes towards onland and offshore wind power development in Denmark choice of development strategy Renewable Energy 331 pp111118","Title":"Attitudes towards onland and offshore wind power development in Denmark choice of development strategy","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Humansocial","Population___level_2":"Humans","Population___level_3":"Danish citizens","Outcome___level_1":"Social or cultural","Outcome___level_2":"Other attitude perception or value metrics","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Qualitative or quantitative social study","Study_design___level_2":"Surveyquestionnaire","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032004","Date_of_Publication":2008,"Structure_ID_name":"Unspecified","Structure_type":"Whole structure","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"General public","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Positive acceptance of new OWF","ES_impact":"Positive public acceptance of offshore wind power project","ES_group":"Positive impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"Hooper et al 2020","Notes":"Attitudes towards OWF visual impacts","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2004,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":7,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Desholm M and Kahlert J 2005 Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm Biology letters 13 pp296298","Title":"Avian collision risk at an offshore windfarm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Common eider Somateria mollissima Geese","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Behaviour reproductive avoidance migration","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year Unclear  20002003","Date_of_Publication":2005,"Structure_ID_name":"Nysted offshore wind farm","Structure_type":"Turbine","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"01 year","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 69m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Common eider Somateria mollissima","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing changes in the perentage of bird flocks entering the OWF before and after construction and avoidance behaviour of turbineS based on distance to nearest turbine during flight Methods and statistics unclear","Study_year_start":2000,"Study_year_end":2003,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":8,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Desholm M and Kahlert J 2005 Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm Biology letters 13 pp296298","Title":"Avian collision risk at an offshore windfarm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Common eider Somateria mollissima Geese","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Condition health or injury","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year Unclear","Date_of_Publication":2005,"Structure_ID_name":"Nysted offshore wind farm","Structure_type":"Turbine","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"01 year","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 69m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Common eider Somateria mollissima","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No mortality impact due to collision","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing changes in the perentage of bird flocks entering the OWF before and after construction and avoidance behaviour of turbineS based on distance to nearest turbine during flight Methods and statistics unclear","Study_year_start":-1,"Study_year_end":-1,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":9,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":10,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":11,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":12,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":13,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":14,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":15,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":16,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":17,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Russell DJ Hastie GD Thompson D Janik VM Hammond PS ScottHayward LA Matthiopoulos J Jones EL and McConnell BJ 2016 Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities Journal of Applied Ecology 536 pp16421652","Title":"Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Marine mammals","Population___level_3":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20032012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Inner Dowsing Lynn Sheringham Shoal Lincs","Structure_type":"Wind farms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Harbour seal Phoca vitulina","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Telemetry study using historical data 20032006 before wind farms were present and 2012 data to assess seal usage of the area In 2012 they also specificallly looked at seal usage during piling and nonpiling and related it to Sound Pressure Levels and Sound Exposure Levels this was excluded from the metadata as the review isnt interested in the impacts of the MMSs activity only its structure","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":"Inner Dowsing; Lynn; Sheringham Shoal; Lincs"},{"_id":18,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Masden EA Haydon DT Fox AD Furness RW Bullman R and Desholm M 2009 Barriers to movement impacts of wind farms on migrating birdsICES Journal of marine Science664 pp746753","Title":"Barriers to movement impacts of wind farms on migrating birds","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Common eider Somateria mollissima","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Range or distribution or larval dispersalconnectivity","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Modeling study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20002005","Date_of_Publication":2009,"Structure_ID_name":"Nysted offshore wind farm","Structure_type":"Whole wind farm area","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Common eider Somateria mollissima","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study modelling trajectories avoidance behaviour migration and cost of avoidance of an OWF by common eiders","Study_year_start":2000,"Study_year_end":2005,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":19,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":20,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":21,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":22,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":23,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":24,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":25,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":26,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bouma S and Lengkeek W 2013 Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 41 pp5967","Title":"Benthic communities on hard substrates within the first Dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20082011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"3x turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"14 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increased non native species abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on pest and disease control","ES_group":"Negative impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing the fauna present along the depth ranges of 3 monopiles and their scour protetion in 2008 and again in 2011 no statistical analysis was done to compare the two sampling points","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":27,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Cod","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in abundance","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":28,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Common dragonette","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in abundance","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":29,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Pouting Trisopterus luscus","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in abundance","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":30,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Sea scorpion","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in abundance","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":31,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Mackerel","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on fish abundance","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":32,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Horse mackerel","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on fish abundance","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":33,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or 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OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":34,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site 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2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Dab","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in fish adundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Negative impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":36,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Sole","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in fish adundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Negative impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":37,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Solenette","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in fish adundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Negative impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":38,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Whiting","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in fish adundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Negative impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":39,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Edible crab Cancer pagurus","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in abundance","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":40,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Van Hal R Griffioen AB and Van Keeken OA 2017 Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm Marine Environmental Research 126 pp2636","Title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish and invertebrates","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2017,"Structure_ID_name":"Egmond aan Zee OWEZ","Structure_type":"Monopiles and sandy habitat within the farm","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1721m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Velvet crab","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in abundance","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Fish and mobile invertebrates abundance size and behaviour schooling aggregation solitary in the vicinity of the monopiles of an OWF compared to the sandy habitat in the middle of the OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":41,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Stelzenmller V Diekmann R Bastardie F Schulze T Berkenhagen J Kloppmann M Krause G Pogoda B Buck BH and Kraus G 2016 Colocation of passive gear fisheries in offshore wind farms in the German EEZ of the North Sea A first socioeconomic scoping Journal of Environmental Management 183 pp794805","Title":"Colocation of passive gear fisheries in offshore wind farms in the German EEZ of the North Sea A first socioeconomic scoping","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Humansocial","Population___level_2":"Humans","Population___level_3":"Commercial fishers","Outcome___level_1":"Economic","Outcome___level_2":"Financial gain or loss individuals or organisations","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20102012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Unspecified","Structure_type":"Unspecified","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Fishermen commercial","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Negative impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Socioeconomic comparison of fisher landings between OWF and non OWF areas","Study_year_start":2010,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":42,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2006","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Borkum Riffgrund AmrumbankWestNordsee OstSandbank 24Enova OffshoreNorth SeaWindpowerNordlicher Grund Global Tech I Bard Offshore I Meerwind OSTSUD Borkum West IIGode WindGode Wind II WestWestAmrumbankWest","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unclear","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Cod","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Negative impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"total catch for areas inside and outside of wind farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":43,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational 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farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":44,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational 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farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":45,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational 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farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":46,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational 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farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":47,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2006","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Borkum Riffgrund AmrumbankWestNordsee OstSandbank 24Enova OffshoreNorth SeaWindpowerNordlicher Grund Global Tech I Bard Offshore I Meerwind OSTSUD Borkum West IIGode WindGode Wind II WestWestAmrumbankWest","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unclear","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Turbot","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Negative impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"total catch for areas inside and outside of wind farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":48,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2006","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Borkum Riffgrund AmrumbankWestNordsee OstSandbank 24Enova OffshoreNorth SeaWindpowerNordlicher Grund Global Tech I Bard Offshore I Meerwind OSTSUD Borkum West IIGode WindGode Wind II WestWestAmrumbankWest","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unclear","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Sandeel","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Negative impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"total catch for areas inside and outside of wind farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":49,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Berkenhagen J Dring R Fock HO Kloppmann MH Pedersen SA and Schulze T 2010 Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheriesMarine policy343 pp733736","Title":"Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries","Intervention___level_1":"Construction of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"8 Commerical fish species","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 2006","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Borkum Riffgrund AmrumbankWestNordsee OstSandbank 24Enova OffshoreNorth SeaWindpowerNordlicher Grund Global Tech I Bard Offshore I Meerwind OSTSUD Borkum West IIGode WindGode Wind II WestWestAmrumbankWest","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unclear","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Common shrimp","Pressure":"Construction impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Negative impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Negative impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"total catch for areas inside and outside of wind farms","Study_year_start":2006,"Study_year_end":2006,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":50,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Reubens JT De Rijcke M Degraer S and Vincx M 2014 Diel variation in feeding and movement patterns of juvenile Atlantic cod at offshore wind farms Journal of Sea Research 85 pp214221","Title":"Diel variation in feeding and movement patterns of juvenile Atlantic cod at offshore wind farms","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Atlantic cod Gadus morhua","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Behaviour reproductive avoidance migration","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2014,"Structure_ID_name":"CPower OWF Thorntonbank","Structure_type":"Turbine gravity based foundations scour protection windmill artificial reef  WAR","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"3 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 225m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Belgium","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Cod","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No Impact on behaviour","ES_impact":"No impact on the regulation of physical chemical biological conditions","ES_group":"No impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study of feeding behaviour and preference of cod at an OWF  some info in previous paper by same author on same OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":51,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Welcker J and Nehls G 2016 Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Marine Ecology Progress Series 554 pp173182","Title":"Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Divers Gannets Morus bassanus Little gulls Hydrocoloeus minutus Common gulls Larus canus Lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus Herring gulls Larus argentatus Great blackbacked gulls Larus marinus Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla Terns Alcids","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 2010 and 2013","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Alpha Ventus","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"03 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 148155 m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Diver","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"77 surveys completed over study period The effects on seabirds is investigated in response to the presence of the wind turbine compared to carefully chosen control transects Review of selected literature is also included included for snowballing","Study_year_start":2010,"Study_year_end":2013,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":52,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Welcker J and Nehls G 2016 Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Marine Ecology Progress Series 554 pp173182","Title":"Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Divers Gannets Morus bassanus Little gulls Hydrocoloeus minutus Common gulls Larus canus Lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus Herring gulls Larus argentatus Great blackbacked gulls Larus marinus Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla Terns Alcids","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 2010 and 2013","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Alpha Ventus","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"03 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 148155 m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Gannet","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"77 surveys completed over study period The effects on seabirds is investigated in response to the presence of the wind turbine compared to carefully chosen control transects Review of selected literature is also included included for snowballing","Study_year_start":2010,"Study_year_end":2013,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":53,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Welcker J and Nehls G 2016 Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Marine Ecology Progress Series 554 pp173182","Title":"Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Divers Gannets Morus bassanus Little gulls Hydrocoloeus minutus Common gulls Larus canus Lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus Herring gulls Larus argentatus Great blackbacked gulls Larus marinus Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla Terns Alcids","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 2010 and 2013","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Alpha Ventus","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"03 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 148155 m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Little gull","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"77 surveys completed over study period The effects on seabirds is investigated in response to the presence of the wind turbine compared to carefully chosen control transects Review of selected literature is also included included for snowballing","Study_year_start":2010,"Study_year_end":2013,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":54,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Welcker J and Nehls G 2016 Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Marine Ecology Progress Series 554 pp173182","Title":"Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Divers Gannets Morus bassanus Little gulls Hydrocoloeus minutus Common gulls Larus canus Lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus Herring gulls Larus argentatus Great blackbacked gulls Larus marinus Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla Terns Alcids","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 2010 and 2013","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Alpha Ventus","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"03 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 148155 m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Kittiwake","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"77 surveys completed over study period The effects on seabirds is investigated in response to the presence of the wind turbine compared to carefully chosen control transects Review of selected literature is also included included for snowballing","Study_year_start":2010,"Study_year_end":2013,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":55,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Welcker J and Nehls G 2016 Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Marine Ecology Progress Series 554 pp173182","Title":"Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Divers Gannets Morus bassanus Little gulls Hydrocoloeus minutus Common gulls Larus canus Lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus Herring gulls Larus argentatus Great blackbacked gulls Larus marinus Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla Terns Alcids","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 2010 and 2013","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Alpha Ventus","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"03 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 148155 m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Terns","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"77 surveys completed over study period The effects on seabirds is investigated in response to the presence of the wind turbine compared to carefully chosen control transects Review of selected literature is also included included for snowballing","Study_year_start":2010,"Study_year_end":2013,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":56,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Welcker J and Nehls G 2016 Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Marine Ecology Progress Series 554 pp173182","Title":"Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Divers Gannets Morus bassanus Little gulls Hydrocoloeus minutus Common gulls Larus canus Lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus Herring gulls Larus argentatus Great blackbacked gulls Larus marinus Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla Terns Alcids","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 2010 and 2013","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Alpha Ventus","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"03 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 148155 m height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Alcids","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"77 surveys completed over study period The effects on seabirds is investigated in response to the presence of the wind turbine compared to carefully chosen control transects Review of selected literature is also included included for snowballing","Study_year_start":2010,"Study_year_end":2013,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":57,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"DevineWright P and Howes Y 2010 Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments A wind energy case study Journal of environmental psychology 303 pp271280","Title":"Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments A wind energy case study","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Humansocial","Population___level_2":"Humans","Population___level_3":"Welsh citizens","Outcome___level_1":"Social or cultural","Outcome___level_2":"Other attitude perception or value metrics","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Qualitative or quantitative social study","Study_design___level_2":"Focus groupworkshopdeliberative","Study_year(s)":"Year 2008","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Gwynt y Mor","Structure_type":"Whole structure","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Hypothetical","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Irish Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Local residents","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Negative impacts on local identity","ES_impact":"Negative impact on sense of place and identity","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"Ryfield et al 2019","Notes":"Questionnaire items were designed to capture place attachment and symbolic meanings as well as interpretive evaluative and behavioural responses towards soon to be constructed OWF","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2008,"spatial_name":"Gwynt y Mor"},{"_id":58,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"DevineWright P and Howes Y 2010 Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments A wind energy case study Journal of environmental psychology 303 pp271280","Title":"Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments A wind energy case study","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Humansocial","Population___level_2":"Humans","Population___level_3":"Welsh citizens","Outcome___level_1":"Social or cultural","Outcome___level_2":"Other attitude perception or value metrics","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Qualitative or quantitative social study","Study_design___level_2":"Focus groupworkshopdeliberative","Study_year(s)":"Year 2008","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Gwynt y Mor","Structure_type":"Whole structure","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Hypothetical","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Irish Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Local residents","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Negative impacts on local identity","ES_impact":"Negative impact on sense of place and identity","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"Ryfield et al 2019","Notes":"Questionnaire items were designed to capture place attachment and symbolic meanings as well as interpretive evaluative and behavioural responses towards soon to be constructed OWF","Study_year_start":2008,"Study_year_end":2008,"spatial_name":"Gwynt y Mor"},{"_id":59,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Thaxter CB RossSmith VH Bouten W Masden EA Clark NA Conway GJ Barber L Clewley GD and Burton NH 2018 Dodging the blades new insights into threedimensional space use of offshore wind farms by lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus Marine Ecology Progress Series 587 pp247253","Title":"Dodging the blades New insights into threedimensional space use of offshore wind farms by lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Range or distribution or larval dispersalconnectivity","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 2014","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Barrow Ormonde Walney 1 Walney 2 and West of Duddon Sands","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Irish Sea","Country":"England","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Lesser blackbacked gulls Larus fuscus","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Bird telemetry across 5 OWF sites","Study_year_start":2014,"Study_year_end":2014,"spatial_name":"Barrow; Ormonde; Walney 1; Walney 2; West of Duddon Sands"},{"_id":60,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Kerckhof F Rumes B Jacques T Degraer S and Norro A 2010 Early development of the subtidal marine biofouling on a concrete offshore windmill foundation on the Thornton Bank southern North Sea first monitoring results Underwater technology 293 pp137149","Title":"Early development of the subtidal marine biofouling on a concrete offshore windmill foundation on the Thornton Bank southern North Sea First monitoring results","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Macrofauna","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20092010","Date_of_Publication":2010,"Structure_ID_name":"Windmill D5 CPower OWF","Structure_type":"Foundations","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"12 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 2025m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Belgium","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Inconclusive impact on community composition","ES_impact":"Inconclusive impact on nutrient cycling","ES_group":"Inconclusive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"MEA","Notes":"Survey of colonization of OWF foundations following installatin Several samplesw were taken to capture seasonality but not statistically compared It is unclear if the sampling was done at the 6 foundations or just at the foundation of windmill D5 Pilot sampling was done in 2008 3months after construction but is presented in a different paper","Study_year_start":2009,"Study_year_end":2010,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":61,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Langhamer O Dahlgren TG and Rosenqvist G 2018 Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund SwedenEcological indicators84 pp16","Title":"Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund Sweden","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Viviparous eelpout Zoarces viviparous","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Fecundity Reproductive output incl fertility hatchling success eggsperm quality or recruitment","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20112012","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Lillgrund OWF","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 49m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Sweden Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Eelpout Zoarces viviparous","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on juveniles","ES_impact":"No impact on life cycle maintenance  maintaining nursery habitats","ES_group":"No impact on Regulating services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Comparison of the viviparous eelpout at a OWF and control sites including health indexes brood information and weight","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":62,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Langhamer O Dahlgren TG and Rosenqvist G 2018 Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund SwedenEcological indicators84 pp16","Title":"Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund Sweden","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Viviparous eelpout Zoarces viviparous","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Fecundity Reproductive output incl fertility hatchling success eggsperm quality or recruitment","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20112012","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Lillgrund OWF","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 49m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Sweden Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Eelpout Zoarces viviparous","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No consistent avoidance of or attraction to OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"No impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"No impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Comparison of the viviparous eelpout at a OWF and control sites including health indexes brood information and weight","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":63,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Langhamer O Dahlgren TG and Rosenqvist G 2018 Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund SwedenEcological indicators84 pp16","Title":"Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund Sweden","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Viviparous eelpout Zoarces viviparous fry","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Condition health or injury","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20112012","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Lillgrund OWF","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 49m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Sweden Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Eelpout Zoarces viviparous","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on fish condition","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Comparison of the viviparous eelpout at a OWF and control sites including health indexes brood information and weight","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":64,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Langhamer O Dahlgren TG and Rosenqvist G 2018 Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund SwedenEcological indicators84 pp16","Title":"Effect of an offshore wind farm on the viviparous eelpout Biometrics brood development and population studies in Lillgrund Sweden","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Viviparous eelpout Zoarces viviparous fry","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20112012","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Lillgrund OWF","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"45 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 49m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Sweden Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Eelpout Zoarces viviparous","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on fish abundance","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Comparison of the viviparous eelpout at a OWF and control sites including health indexes brood information and weight","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":65,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bergman MJ Ubels SM Duineveld GC and Meesters EW 2015 Effects of a 5year trawling ban on the local benthic community in a wind farm in the Dutch coastal zoneICES Journal of Marine Science723 pp962972","Title":"Effects of a 5year trawling ban on the local benthic community in a wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"All macrofauna","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Correlative only no direct effects","Study_year(s)":"Year 2007 and 2011","Date_of_Publication":2015,"Structure_ID_name":"OWEZ wind farm","Structure_type":"Platforms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1220m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on invert community abundance","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"OWEZ wind farm is compared with six reference areas regarding macrofaunal species density biomass production and diversity  Shifts in the species composition due to trawling is investigated using control impact design  not directly the effect of the MMS hence correllative study chosen Includes mention of the invasive and commercially exploited species American jackknife Ensis directus and the economically valuable bivalve Spisula subtruncata","Study_year_start":2007,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":66,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bergman MJ Ubels SM Duineveld GC and Meesters EW 2015 Effects of a 5year trawling ban on the local benthic community in a wind farm in the Dutch coastal zoneICES Journal of Marine Science723 pp962972","Title":"Effects of a 5year trawling ban on the local benthic community in a wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"All macrofauna","Outcome___level_1":"Ecological or community","Outcome___level_2":"Community composition or structure","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Correlative only no direct effects","Study_year(s)":"Year 2007 and 2011","Date_of_Publication":2015,"Structure_ID_name":"OWEZ wind farm","Structure_type":"Platforms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1220m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on invert community composition","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"OWEZ wind farm is compared with six reference areas regarding macrofaunal species density biomass production and diversity  Shifts in the species composition due to trawling is investigated using control impact design  not directly the effect of the MMS hence correllative study chosen Includes mention of the invasive and commercially exploited species American jackknife Ensis directus and the economically valuable bivalve Spisula subtruncata","Study_year_start":2007,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":67,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bergman MJ Ubels SM Duineveld GC and Meesters EW 2015 Effects of a 5year trawling ban on the local benthic community in a wind farm in the Dutch coastal zoneICES Journal of Marine Science723 pp962972","Title":"Effects of a 5year trawling ban on the local benthic community in a wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"All macrofauna","Outcome___level_1":"Ecological or community","Outcome___level_2":"Diversity H J  richness genetic","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Correlative only no direct effects","Study_year(s)":"Year 2007 and 2011","Date_of_Publication":2015,"Structure_ID_name":"OWEZ wind farm","Structure_type":"Platforms","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1220m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"The Netherlands","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on invert community diversity","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"OWEZ wind farm is compared with six reference areas regarding macrofaunal species density biomass production and diversity  Shifts in the species composition due to trawling is investigated using control impact design  not directly the effect of the MMS hence correllative study chosen Includes mention of the invasive and commercially exploited species American jackknife Ensis directus and the economically valuable bivalve Spisula subtruncata","Study_year_start":2007,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":68,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Langhamer O Holand H and Rosenqvist G 2016 Effects of an offshore wind farm OWF on the common shore crab Carcinus maenas tagging pilot experiments in the lillgrund offshore wind farm Sweden PloS one 1110 pe0165096","Title":"Effects of an Offshore Wind Farm OWF on the Common Shore Crab Carcinus maenas Tagging Pilot Experiments in the Lillgrund Offshore Wind Farm Sweden","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Common shore crab Carcinus maenas","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Condition health or injury","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"Yes","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Controlimpact or insideoutside study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20112012","Date_of_Publication":2016,"Structure_ID_name":"Lillgrund OWF","Structure_type":"OWF","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"34 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 49m depth 115m turbine height","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Baltic Sea","Country":"Sweden Denmark","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Green shore crab Carcinus maenas","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on invert community condition","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study of the common shore crab population at Lillgrund OWF and at 2 control sites Sjollen 13km north of OWF and Bredgrund 8km south of OWF","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2012,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":69,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Bergstrm L Sundqvist F and Bergstrm U 2013 Effects of an offshore wind farm on temporal and spatial patterns in the demersal fish community Marine Ecology Progress Series 485 pp199210","Title":"Effects of an offshore wind farm on temporal and spatial patterns in the demersal fish community","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Demersal fish 20 species","Outcome___level_1":"Ecological or community","Outcome___level_2":"Community composition or structure","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20022010","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"Lillgrund OWF","Structure_type":"Whole wind farm area","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"03 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 410m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Sweden","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Fish","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in catch per unit effort","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biomass for the provision of nutrition","ES_group":"Positive impact on Provisioning services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"BACI study of fish assemblage at an OWF and two reference control areas although not all analyses were undertaken using a BACI design","Study_year_start":2002,"Study_year_end":2010,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":70,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Peschko V Mendel B Mller S Markones N Mercker M and Garthe S 2020 Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding seasonMarine Environmental Research162 p105157","Title":"Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Common guillemot Uria aalge Blacklegged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20002017","Date_of_Publication":2020,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Amrumbank West Nordsee Ost Meerwind","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"02 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1040m seabed depth above water height unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Guillemots","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on the experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Density and distribution of two seabird species before and after the construction of OWF during spring and during the breeding season","Study_year_start":2000,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":71,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Peschko V Mendel B Mller S Markones N Mercker M and Garthe S 2020 Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding seasonMarine Environmental Research162 p105157","Title":"Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Common guillemot Uria aalge Blacklegged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Range or distribution or larval dispersalconnectivity","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20002017","Date_of_Publication":2020,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Amrumbank West Nordsee Ost Meerwind","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"02 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1040m seabed depth above water height unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Guillemots","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Density and distribution of two seabird species before and after the construction of OWF during spring and during the breeding season","Study_year_start":2000,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":72,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Peschko V Mendel B Mller S Markones N Mercker M and Garthe S 2020 Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding seasonMarine Environmental Research162 p105157","Title":"Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Common guillemot Uria aalge Blacklegged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20002017","Date_of_Publication":2020,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Amrumbank West Nordsee Ost Meerwind","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"02 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1040m seabed depth above water height unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Kittiwake","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Decrease in abundance","ES_impact":"Negative impact on the experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Density and distribution of two seabird species before and after the construction of OWF during spring and during the breeding season","Study_year_start":2000,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":73,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Peschko V Mendel B Mller S Markones N Mercker M and Garthe S 2020 Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding seasonMarine Environmental Research162 p105157","Title":"Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Birds","Population___level_3":"Common guillemot Uria aalge Blacklegged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Range or distribution or larval dispersalconnectivity","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20002017","Date_of_Publication":2020,"Structure_ID_name":"Butendiek Amrumbank West Nordsee Ost Meerwind","Structure_type":"Turbines","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"02 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 1040m seabed depth above water height unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Kittiwake","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Avoidance of OWFs barrier effect","ES_impact":"Negative impact on experiential existence and bequest aspects of cultural services","ES_group":"Negative impact on Cultural services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Density and distribution of two seabird species before and after the construction of OWF during spring and during the breeding season","Study_year_start":2000,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":74,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"De Troch M Reubens JT Heirman E Degraer S and Vincx M 2013 Energy profiling of demersal fish A casestudy in wind farm artificial reefsMarine environmental research92 pp224233","Title":"Energy profiling of demersal fish A casestudy in wind farm artificial reefs","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and pouting Trisopterus luscus","Outcome___level_1":"Ecological or community","Outcome___level_2":"Trophic structure","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"After only study multiple time pointssuccession","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"CPower OWF Thorntonbank","Structure_type":"Scour protection layer and foundations","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Belgium","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Cod","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Postive impact on habitat quality","ES_impact":"Positive impact on habitat condition","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"MEA","Notes":"Energy profiling and trophic markers were applied to study comercially valuable Atlantic cod and pouting feeding ecologies at a wind farm  Fish iver and muscle tissues also investigated along with selected prey species Seasonal variation considered","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":75,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"De Troch M Reubens JT Heirman E Degraer S and Vincx M 2013 Energy profiling of demersal fish A casestudy in wind farm artificial reefsMarine environmental research92 pp224233","Title":"Energy profiling of demersal fish A casestudy in wind farm artificial reefs","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Speciespopulation","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and pouting Trisopterus luscus","Outcome___level_1":"Ecological or community","Outcome___level_2":"Trophic structure","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"After only study multiple time pointssuccession","Study_year(s)":"Year 2011","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"CPower OWF Thorntonbank","Structure_type":"Scour protection layer and foundations","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"Unspecified","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth Unspecified","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Belgium","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Pouting Trisopterus luscus","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Postive impact on habitat quality","ES_impact":"Positive impact on habitat condition","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"MEA","Notes":"Energy profiling and trophic markers were applied to study comercially valuable Atlantic cod and pouting feeding ecologies at a wind farm  Fish iver and muscle tissues also investigated along with selected prey species Seasonal variation considered","Study_year_start":2011,"Study_year_end":2011,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":76,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Krone R Gutow L Joschko TJ and Schrder A 2013 Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundationimplications of future wind power farming in the North SeaMarine environmental research85 pp112","Title":"Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundation  Implications of future wind power farming in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Epifauna","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 20052007","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"FINO 1","Structure_type":"Foundations","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 28m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in epibenthic abundance","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"temporal seasonal and depth related abundance and biomass estimaes on OWF foundations","Study_year_start":2005,"Study_year_end":2007,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":77,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Krone R Gutow L Joschko TJ and Schrder A 2013 Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundationimplications of future wind power farming in the North SeaMarine environmental research85 pp112","Title":"Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundation  Implications of future wind power farming in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Epifauna","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Biomass","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 20052007","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"FINO 1","Structure_type":"Foundations","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 28m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"Germany","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Increase in epibenthic biomass","ES_impact":"Positive impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"Positive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"temporal seasonal and depth related abundance and biomass estimaes on OWF foundations","Study_year_start":2005,"Study_year_end":2007,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":78,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Krone R Gutow L Joschko TJ and Schrder A 2013 Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundationimplications of future wind power farming in the North SeaMarine environmental research85 pp112","Title":"Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundation  Implications of future wind power farming in the North Sea","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Epifauna","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Site comparison study reference site or comparable site","Study_year(s)":"Year 20052007","Date_of_Publication":2013,"Structure_ID_name":"FINO 1","Structure_type":"Foundations","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"25 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 28m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North 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year","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 2530m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Mediterranean Sea","Country":"USA","Region":"Global","Subject":"Flatfish 7 species","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on fish abundance","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing changes in flatfish assemblages beforeduringafter the construction of a pilot OWF Data obtained  before baseline during pile driving during turbine installations steel jacket foundatio in place but turbinenot operational during cable installation and during operation near the OWF and at two reference areas nearby","Study_year_start":2012,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":89,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Wilber D H Carey D A  Griffin M 2018 Flatfish habitat use near North Americas first offshore wind farmJournal of Sea Research139 2432","Title":"Flatfish habitat use near North Americas first offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Seven flatfish species American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides fourspot flounder Paralichthys oblongus Gulf stream flounder Citharichthys arctifrons summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquosus winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus and yellowtail flounder Pleuronectes ferruginea","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20122017","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Block 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installations steel jacket foundatio in place but turbinenot operational during cable installation and during operation near the OWF and at two reference areas nearby","Study_year_start":2012,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":91,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Wilber D H Carey D A  Griffin M 2018 Flatfish habitat use near North Americas first offshore wind farmJournal of Sea Research139 2432","Title":"Flatfish habitat use near North Americas first offshore wind farm","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Seven flatfish species American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides fourspot flounder Paralichthys oblongus Gulf stream flounder Citharichthys arctifrons summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquosus winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus and yellowtail flounder Pleuronectes 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Citharichthys arctifrons summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquosus winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus and yellowtail flounder Pleuronectes ferruginea","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20122017","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Block Island Wind Farm BIWF","Structure_type":"Whole structure of interest steel jacket foundation","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"01 year","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 2530m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Mediterranean Sea","Country":"USA","Region":"Global","Subject":"Flatfish 7 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OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Fish","Population___level_3":"Seven flatfish species American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides fourspot flounder Paralichthys oblongus Gulf stream flounder Citharichthys arctifrons summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquosus winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus and yellowtail flounder Pleuronectes ferruginea","Outcome___level_1":"Species or biological","Outcome___level_2":"Abundance density or  cover","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"Beforeaftercontrolimpact study","Study_year(s)":"Year 20122017","Date_of_Publication":2018,"Structure_ID_name":"Block Island Wind Farm BIWF","Structure_type":"Whole structure of interest steel jacket foundation","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"01 year","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 2530m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"Mediterranean Sea","Country":"USA","Region":"Global","Subject":"Flatfish 7 species","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"No impact on fish abundance","ES_impact":"No impact on biodiversity","ES_group":"No impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"CICES","Notes":"Study assessing changes in flatfish assemblages beforeduringafter the construction of a pilot OWF Data obtained  before baseline during pile driving during turbine installations steel jacket foundatio in place but turbinenot operational during cable installation and during operation near the OWF and at two reference areas nearby","Study_year_start":2012,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":94,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Mavraki N Degraer S Moens T and Vanaverbeke J 2020 Functional differences in trophic structure of offshore wind farm communities a stable isotope study Marine Environmental Research 157 p104868","Title":"Functional differences in trophic structure of offshore wind farm communities A stable isotope study","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Communityassemblage","Population___level_2":"Invertebrates","Population___level_3":"Epibenthos and fish Mytilus Jassa Metridium lobster crabs 46 inverts 8 vertebrate spp","Outcome___level_1":"Ecological or community","Outcome___level_2":"Community composition or structure","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"Yes","Study_design___level_1":"Empirical or observational study","Study_design___level_2":"No comparator","Study_year(s)":"Year 20162017","Date_of_Publication":2020,"Structure_ID_name":"Thornton Bank","Structure_type":"Foundations","Structure_age_(at_time_of_study)":"89 years","Structure_depth_(in_seabed)":"Depth 028m","Geographical_marine_location___level_1":"Atlantic","Geographical_marine_location___level_2":"North Sea","Country":"UK","Region":"UKEurope","Subject":"Macroinvertebrates","Pressure":"Operational impacts","Outcome":"Inconclusive impact on community composition","ES_impact":"Inconclusive impact on nutrient cycling","ES_group":"Inconclusive impact on Supporting services","Classification_system_used":"MEA","Notes":"An evaluation of community structure and trophic structure associated with OWF turbine foundations","Study_year_start":2016,"Study_year_end":2017,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":95,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Warren CR Lumsden C ODowd S and Birnie RV 2005 Green on green public perceptions of wind power in Scotland and Ireland Journal of environmental planning and management 486 pp853875","Title":"Green On Green public perceptions of wind power in Scotland and Ireland","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of 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Ireland","Study_year_start":2003,"Study_year_end":2003,"spatial_name":""},{"_id":97,"Type_of_literature":"Primary","Full_reference":"Vecchiato D 2014 How do you like wind farms Understanding peoples preferences about new energy landscapes with choice experiments Aestimum pp1537","Title":"How do you like wind farms Understanding peoples preferences about new energy landscapes with choice experiments","Intervention___level_1":"Presence of OWF","Population___level_1":"Humansocial","Population___level_2":"Humans","Population___level_3":"Italian citizens","Outcome___level_1":"Social or cultural","Outcome___level_2":"Other attitude perception or value metrics","Presence_or_mention_of_non_native_or_invasive_species":"No or Unspecified","Presence_or_mention_of_commercial_species":"No or Unspecified","Study_design___level_1":"Qualitative or quantitative social study","Study_design___level_2":"Surveyquestionnaire","Study_year(s)":"Year 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